TOEFL iBT Practice Test 25

Schedule: Riverside Swimming Club (Autumn term) Monday 6:00–7:00 p.m. — Beginners (ages 8-11) Tuesday 6:00–7:30 p.m. — Improvers (ages 11-14) Wednesday 7:00–8:30 p.m. — Adult fitness swim Thursday 5:30–6:30 p.m. — Squad training (by invitation) Saturday 9:00–10:00 a.m. — Parent and toddler The pool is closed to members on Sundays. Membership: $40 per term.

Policy: Recording lectures Students may make audio recordings of lectures for their own study, provided they ask the lecturer for permission at the start of the term. Recordings may not be shared on social media or given to people outside the course. Video recording of classes is not permitted unless the university has approved it as a support measure. Breaches of this policy may lead to disciplinary action.

Ecologists have increasingly recognised that animal behaviour is shaped not only by the need to find food and avoid predators but also by the constant threat of parasites and disease, giving rise to a field sometimes called the "behavioral immune system." Many species exhibit strikingly specific avoidance behaviours: sheep and cattle will graze around, rather than on, patches of grass contaminated with faecal matter, even when this means accepting less total grazing area, because such patches harbour parasitic worm larvae. Similarly, several primate species avoid grooming or mating with visibly ill group members, and some ant colonies remove or wall off individuals infected with certain fungal pathogens before the infection can spread, occasionally sacrificing otherwise healthy-seeming colony members as a precaution. These behaviours appear to be driven largely by sensory cues—smell, visible lesions, or altered movement patterns—rather than by any understanding of disease transmission, suggesting the avoidance strategies evolved as automatic responses favoured by natural selection rather than as learned, reasoned choices. Importantly, researchers caution against assuming these behaviours are perfectly optimised; avoidance carries real costs, such as reduced feeding efficiency or social isolation of an infected but ultimately recoverable individual, and in changing environments where new pathogens appear, existing avoidance instincts calibrated to historical disease threats may prove poorly matched, sometimes causing animals to ignore genuinely dangerous new risks while overreacting to harmless ones.